vol.7. N 2. 2022
HISTOLOGY, HISTOCHEMISTRY AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON LENS OF DOMESTIC PIG (SUS SCROFA DOMESTICUS)
Rakesh Kumar Barhaiya, Pawan Kumar
ABSTRACT
Lens is an important refractive structure to focus the light on the photosensitive layer of the retina. The present study was contemplated to study the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the lens of six adult pigs. Lens capsule was an interrupted, homogenous, translucent layer that completely enclosed the lens fibres. It showed intense positive reaction for glycogen by McManus’ PAS method and also showed weak to moderate reaction to the Alcian-blue staining for acidic mucosubstances. The newly formed lens fibres in the cortex were thick and appeared as long elongated fibres and hexagonal shape in cross sections. They were interlocked to-gether by ball and socket type of joints at each of their hexagonal edge. Integrity of the lens fibres was lost and less recognizable towards the nucleus. Cortical lens fibres showed uniformly distributed granular cytoplasm and cell organelles were not observed in the inner cortex and nucleus of the lens.
Key words: Electron microscopy, Histology, Histochemistry, Lens, Lens capsule, Pig.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 3–10
GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES AND LUNG WORMS OF WILD RUMINANTS FROM SOUTHWESTERN BULGARIA. I. CERVIDAE: RED DEER (CERVUS ELAPHUS L. 1758) AND FALLOW DEER (DAMA DAMA L. 1758)
Valentin Radev, Nikolay Lalkovski, Inna Mutafchieva
ABSTRACT
Both the fallow deer and the red deer are valuable hunting objects in Europe, including in our country. In order to obtain current data on the parasitological status, 46 fallow deer (Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) and 15 red deer (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) were studied. The aim was to use conventional methods in para-sitological research to obtain useful data for the implementation of effective preventive measures in animal health protection. The investigated red deer (Cervus elaphus) were from the hunting farms as follow: DLS „Iskar“ (n = 5), DLS „Vitoshko-Studena“ (n = 6), DGS “Blagoevgrad” (n = 1), and DGS „Krichim“ (n = 3). The investigated fallow deer (Dama dama) were from DLS „Dikchan“ (n = 29), DLS „Iskar“ (n = 13), DGS „Mesta“ (n = 2), and DLS „Vitoshko-Studena“ (n = 2). Invasions with representatives of 3 classes of helminths (Trematoda, Cestoda, and Nematoda) as well as with protozoa of the Coccidia subclass after parasitological examinations were found. Some of them are known as the causes of economically important parasitic diseases. Trematodes of the genera Dicrocoelium and Paramphistomum, and cestodes of the genus Moniezia were also determined. The gastrointestinal parasites were identified as belonging to the families Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912 (Trichostrongyus), Molineidae Durette-Desset and Chabaud, 1977 (Nematodirus), Strongylidae Baird, 1853 (Oesophagostomum), Ascarididae Baird, 1853 (Toxocara), Trichuridae Railliet, 1915 (Trichuris), Eimeriidae Minchin, 1903 (Eimeria) and lung worms as members of the families Dictyocaulidae Skrjabin, 1941 (Dictyocaulus) and Protostrongylidae Leiper, 1926 (Protostrongylus).
Key words: Cervus elaphus, Dama dama, gastrointestinal parasites, lung worms, Eimeria
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 11–21
ROYAL JELLY AND BEE HONEY COMBINATION – A NEW PERSPECTIVE FOR ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY OF SKIN AND INTESTINAL INFECTIONS
Velina Dinkova, Dinko Dinkov
ABSTRACT
The article discusses data on the specific antibacterial activity of royal jelly and rape honey mixtures against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The combination of royal jelly and rape honey in a ratio of 1:100 (w/w) in concentrations of 10% and 30% (v/v) changed the sensitivity of a pathogenic E. coli strain – being previously resistant, it has acquired sensitivity after incubation with various antibacterial agents: gentamicin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline and trimethoprim – sulfamethoxazole. These data could be useful in the future development of effective medicines.
Key words: royal jelly, honey, antibacterial.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 22–29
MACROANATOMICAL STUDY ON THE SPLEEN BLOOD SUPPLY IN DOGS
Iliyan Georgiev, Georgi I. Georgiev, Iliana Ruzhanova-Gospodinova, Lyubomir Hristakiev, Georgi D. Georgiev
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study is to investigate the main arterial and venous vessels responsible for the blood supply of the spleen in dogs. The vessels were visualized through corrosion cast and radiographic imaging in 5 mixed breed dogs. For the purposes of the corrosion cast two polymers were used – Biodur (Biodur Products GmbH, Germany) and Duracril-Plus (SpofaDental, Kerr Corporation, USA) introduced through the splenic artery and vein. The radiographic images were taken after injection of barium sulfas solution in a. lienalis. The main external and intramural vessels were established together with their branches in the parenchyma and the stroma of the dogs´ spleen.
Key words: spleen, dog, a. lienalis, v. lienalis, corrosion cast, radiography
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 30–35
AVIAN AVULAVIRUS 1 OUTBREAKS IN BULGARIA DURING 2016 AND 2017
Gabriela Goujgoulova, Georgi Stoimenov
ABSTRACT
Newcastle disease is one of the most important and highly contagious disease for poultry. The causative agent Avian avulavirus 1 belongs to genus Avulavirus, Family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. There are two evolutionary related groups AAvV-1 – class I and class II. The classification is based on complete genome analysis. Class I and class II being further divided in genotypes. However, the isolation and identification of novel avulaviruses of varying pathogenicity and genotypes from a wide range of hosts suggests a con-tinuous virus evolution with subsequent implications for disease spread. Subsequent to evolution, the emergence of novel genotypes and sub-genotypes are now increasing over a period of time. Despite the introduction of a broad vaccination program in industrial poultry farms in Bulgaria, the birds in the backyard farms have not been vaccinated and the disease has become endemic. Almost every year there is at least one outbreak in poultry or wild birds. The earlier AAvV-1 isolates, from 1959 to 1998, belong to many different genetic lines: 2, 3b, 3c, 4 and 5b. The last AAvV-1 isolates (from 2004 to 2013) from chickens belong to genetic line 5d and wild bird isolates belongs to 1, 2, 4b and 6. The first appearance of genetic line 5a is in the beginning of 2013. All this necessitates in-depth studies of AAvV-1 in the population of both wild and synanthropic birds and vaccinated hens. This study was conducted to ascertain the genetics of the circulating AAvV-1 that causes disease outbreaks in 2016 and 2017.
Key words: Avian avulavirus-1, rRT-PCR, Phylogenetic analysis, Bulgaria, diagnosis
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 36–43
“EQUINE ASTHMA” SYNDROME – CLINICAL, ENDOSCOPIC AND BACTERIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN EIGHT TINKER HORSES
Sasho Sabev, Mariyana Nikolova
ABSTRACT
The present study included 8 mares of the Tinker breed with clinic of Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing, rapid fatigue during exercise. No changes in body temperature and heart rate were found. There were no abnormalities in erythrocyte count, erythrocyte indices, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes and differential blood count. Tracheal endoscopy revealed an accumulation of increased mucus (grade 3–5), edema of the tracheal bifurcation, and spasm of the main bronchi. The following microorganisms were isolated in tracheal lavage (TW): Streptococcus equi, subsp. zooepidemicus (2 horses), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 horse), Pasteurella spp. (1 horse), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1 horse) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 horse). Cytological examination of tracheal specimens revealed mainly neutrophil leukocytes. The other cells observed (macrophages and lymphocytes) were in a significantly lower percentage.
Key words: horse, asthma, endoscopy, TW, cytology, microbiology
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 44–49
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BLACK-NECKED PHEASANTS WITH SIGNS OF CANNIBALISM – THE USE OF TRYPTOPHAN AND SILYMARIN AS ANTIOXIDANTS
Slavko Nikolov, Dian Kanakov, Veselin Ivanov, Galina Nikolova, Yanka Karamalakova
ABSTRACT
The oxidative stress indicators were studied – Malondialdehyde, Protein carbonyl content, Superoxide dismutase and Catalase in Black-necked pheasants. Blood samples were taken from pheasants, divided into 4 groups (n=12): I group (negative control) – clinically healthy; II group – treated with tryptophan; III group – treated with silymarin; IV group (positive control) – pheasants with signs of cannibalism. Lipid peroxidation were expressed in MDA and the protein oxidation with increased PCC. This was found in the positive control with value for MDA (5.16±0.39) and PCC (7.70±0.45), respectively the negative control (2.35±0.19) and (1.46±0.25). The tendency for SOD was opposite with very high activity in the negative control (2.99±0.10), and in the positive control was (1.64±0.20). Compensatory, the activity of CAT levels in the negative control (1.33±0.24) was higher in comparison to the positive control (6.65±0.73). The silymarin had pronounced anti-oxidant effect on each of the observed indicators, while the effects of tryptophan were in lower rate.
Key words: Black-necked pheasants, Malondialdehyde, Protein carbonyl content, Superoxide dis-mutase, Catalase.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 50–56
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYZED REDUCED WATER (CATHOLYTE) ON THE INDICES PRODUCTIVITY OF DUCKS
Toshka Petrova, Andrey Kurtenkov, Zaprianka Shindarska, Stanislav Radanski, Svetlin Ivanov
ABSTRACT
The effect of catholyte taken per os, ad libitum (for 1 month period) on the productivity of ducks (White Pekin duck breed) at 8 weeks of age was studied. The indices live weight, length of the tarsometotarsal bone, length of the beak were measured periodically – at the beginning of the experiment, on the 15th day of watering with catholyte and on the 30th day. The same measurements were made on animals in the control group, had been watering ad libitum with tap drinking water. The following indices productivity are determined: weight development and growth, fodder consumption, energy, crude protein – accepted fodder and nutrients; accepted feed, energy, protein per day per bird; utilization of energy and protein; weight development and average daily gain per bird for the ducks in the experimental and control groups. The analysis of the results shows higher values of the productivity indices of the ducks from the experimental group (drinking catholyte) compared to those from the control group (watered with tap water).
Key words: electrolyzed reduced water, catholyte, indices productivity, White Pekin duck
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 57–63
SEROLOGICAL STUDY OF CANINE PARVOVIRUS-2 ANTIBODY TITERS FROM A DOG SHELTER IN BULGARIA
Iliyan Manev, Victoria Marincheva
ABSTRACT
Canine parvovirosis represents one of the most communicable and fatal gastrointestinal infections. The rapid spread and the extreme contagiousness of the canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) makes this disease a serious challenge especially in dog shelters and kennels. Disease control is based on vaccination of the most susceptible age groups. The aim of the current study was to determine the CPV-2 post vaccination antibody titers in a shelter population of young dogs, vaccinated according to a three-dose regimen. Anti CPV humoral immunity was demonstrated in 90% (288/320) of vaccinated animals while 10% (32/320) showed low to no antibody titer. The results confirmed that the three-regimen CPV vaccination protocol can provide a successful post vaccination cover in the majority of shelter dogs. However, the relatively high vaccination failure rate indicates possible gaps in the development of sustainable herd immunity.
Key words: canine parvovirus, antibodies, shelter dogs.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 64–70
INFLUENCE OF THYME (THYMUS VULGARIS L.) SUPPLEMENTATION IN FEED ON FATTENING RABBIT’S PERFORMANCE
Mariya Todorova, Maya Ignatova, Krasimir Velikov
ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of thyme leaves powder inclusion in rabbit’s diets on growth performance, 30 rabbits from New Zeeland breed, on 55 days of age (±2) were randomly allocated to three experimental groups for 47 days (until reach 2100g of body weight). The experimental design consisted of three dietary treatments: 1) control group received standard compound feed – unsupplemented; 2) the first experimental group (M3) received diet supplemented with 3% thyme leaves powder instead of alfalfa hay; 3) the second experimental group (M5) received diet supplemented with 5% thyme leaves powder instead of alfalfa hay. Individual rabbits’ body weights were recorded weekly. Feed intake and feed conversion rate were determined weekly per group. Carcass characteristics were determinate at the end of the trail. The results of this study have shown that thyme inclusion at level up to 3 or 5% did not adversely affect rabbit’s performance.
Key words: Thyme, rabbits, nutrition, performance
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 71–75
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS OF THE THORACIC AND PELVIC LIMBS OF THE BUFFALO (BUBALUS bubalis, L) AND CATTLE (BOS taurus, L)
Georgi I. Georgiev, Lubomir Hristakiev, Iliana Ruzhanova-Gospodinova, Ilian Georgiev, Georgi D. Georgiev
ABSTRACT
The present morphological study compares the structures of the thoracic and pelvic’s limbs muscles and bones of the buffalo and cattle. M. extensor digiti primi longus, and absence of os sesamoideum metatarsale have been observed in the buffalo. The differences in the insertion of m. peroneus tertius on the hindlimb and structure of m. flexor digitorum superficialis and insertion of m. extensor carpi oblquus on the forelimb in the buffalo were noted. The attachments of the muscles with more ending tendons in the buffalo give bigger sta-bility of the limbs than cattle.
Key words: buffalo, cattle, muscles, bones, forelimb, hindlimb
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 76–83
SUPERFICIAL AND INTERNAL BACTERIAL MICROFLORA OF LICE AND FLEAS IN GOATS
Nikola Nizamov
ABSTRACT
Lice and fleas can play the role of vectors for different infectious agents. They can carry different path-ogens to sensitive hosts. The conduction of in depth research on microbiological insemination of lice and fleas meets serious setbacks because of lack of information about their normal microflora. The objective of this study was to determine in parallel superficial and internal bacterial insemination of the goat infesting species: Bovicola caprae, Linognathus stenopsis, Pullex irritans collected from naturally infested goats. The parasites that were collected with stelirized forceps were divided into 6 groups and examined ac-cording to the classic microbiological methods.
The results received from our study showed that the bacterial composition of the surface of the insects which were examined, that is presented by Steptococcus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp. and Clostridium perfringens is richer than the one from the inside – Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp. There are certain differences between the microflora of the separate species of insects.
Key words: goats, ectoparasites, lice, fleas, microflora.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 84–88
LEAD MICROPARTICLES IN GAME MEAT PRODUCTS – POTENTIAL RISKS FOR INGESTED EXPOSURE
Petar Stamberov
ABSTRACT
The present research describes a study of homemade meat products of wild boar shot with lead ammunition. Initially, X-ray radiography of the entire batch of sausages was performed to ascertainment the presence of larger lead fragments. Afterward, visibly uncontaminated parts of sausages were examined using 3D scan-ning microtomography and the presence of lead microscopic particles was found. The results of quantitative analysis reported a high mean lead concentration than the maximum permitted levels according to EU Regula-tion 1881/2006.
Key words: lead ammunition, meat products, radiography, 3D scanning microtomography, quantitative analyzes.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 89–94
PROTOCOL FOR DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND SUBSEQUENT CARE OF PRIMARY SECRETORY OTITIS MEDIA IN CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIELS
Ivelina Vacheva
ABSTRACT
Primary Secretory Otitis Media in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a rare and complex disorder. However, using a well established protocol, including well established procedures, modern day imaging tech-nology, precise treatment and adequate post-treatment care can lead to a high rate of successfully dissipated symptoms and long-term well-being our the patients. The suggested protocol is based on 14 examined patients in a 1 year time period. It includes otoscopic examination, cytology, culture and sensitivity testing, magnetic resonance imaging, viodeootoscopy, deep ear cleaning, myringotomy, educating the owners, owners’ feedback, subsequent therapy and long-term follow up. The study concludes that MRI and educating the owners are two extremely important tools that should not be overlooked. Additionally, further research with the addition of DNA analysis is needed.
Key words: Primary secretory otitis media (PSOM), Videootoscopy, Myringotomy, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 95–103
INFLUENCE OF ELECTROACTEVATED REDUCED WATER ON THE BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF WHITE PEKIN DUCK
Toshka Petrova, Andrey Kurtenkov, Iliyan Manev, Milko Petrov, Victoria Marincheva, Krasimira Genova
ABSTRACT
The aim of the current study was to determine the influence of electroactivated reduced water (catholyte) on the blood biochemical parameters of domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Blood samples from 20 ducks divided in two groups (experimental, n=10 and control group, n=10) were taken twice to estimate the dynamics of the potential alterations. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), creatinine (CREAT), urea, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in serum were measured. Results showed serum biochemistry values within the physiological range. Differences between groups were insignificant. It can be therefore con-cluded that treatment with electroactivated reduced water had neutral effect on blood biochemical profiles of the tested animals.
Key words: electroactivated reduced water, catholyte, biochemical parameters, White Pekin duck
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 104–109
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS AND FERTILITY IN SHEEP OF THE NORTHEASTERN BULGARIAN FINE–WOOLEN BREED – SHUMEN TYPE BY DIFFERENT PROGESTOGEN TREATMENTS AND DIFFERENT DOSES OF PMSG
Nikola Metodiev, Todor Tsonev, Georgi Anev
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to test three protocols for synchronization of estrus and fertility in merino sheep. 3 experimental groups were formed, depending on the duration of progestagen treatment (FGA sponges) and PMSG dose: Group 1 (n = 12) – 12 days + 500 UI. Group 2 (n = 12) – 12 days + 250 UI. Group 3 (n = 11) – 5 days (at the time of sponge placement, sheep were treated with a synthetic analogue of PGF2α) + 500 UI. On the three groups, PMSG was injected at the time of sponge removal. At the 48th hour of sponge removal, the highest number of ewes in the estrus was in the Group 2–12 sheep, while in the others it was 9 (Group 1) and 6 (Group 3). The highest values for fertility and fecundity were obtained in sheep from Group 1–41.66% and 160.0%.
Key words: sheep, estrus, progestagens, PMSG
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 110–115
CYTOTOXIC T-CELL RESPONSE IN LAMBS VACCINATED WITH BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
Krasimira Genova
ABSTRACT
Lambs inoculated intratracheally (IT) and subcutaneously (SC) with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine were evaluated for development of cell-mediated immune (CMI). Cytotoxic T-cell response showed better immune response in lambs, vaccinated IT. Cytotoxic activity of lambs immunized IT and SC with BRSV and neutralizing antibody values were investigated dynamically.
Key words: lambs, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), cytotoxic activity, T-cell response
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 116–119
ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID – EFFECTS AND APPLICATIONS
Ralitsa Bankova
ABSTRACT
Alpha-lipoic acid is one of the most powerful antioxidants used in both humans and animals. Many of its effects were proven: antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, analgesic, as a growth promoter. Numerous clinical studies showed the effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in diseases in which the antioxidant balance was disturbed. Alpha-lipoic acid reduces the complications of diabetes such as neurop-athy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and vascular damage. It improves insulin resistance. In veterinary practice, alpha-lipoic acid is used as a component in supplements for dogs, cats, pigs, and birds. The aim of this review is to present new data about its therapeutic application.
Key words: alpha-lipoic acid, antioxidant, diabetes, immunomodulatory properties.
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 120–130
DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF MAMMARY GLAND IN SHEEP – A REVIEW
Aleksandar Stoimenov
ABSTRACT
The health of the mammary gland in animals is of paramount importance both to milk productivity and to the whole organism. The term „mastitis“ refers to inflammation of the mammary gland. It is characterized by pathological changes in the parenchyma, duct system and interstitial connective tissue, leading to changes in the composition and qualities of milk. Due to its high prevalence, mastitis is considered the most important threat to dairy industry, because of its impact on animal health and milk production. The aims of this paper are to consider mammary gland defenses, including anatomical and histological features, the role of immunoglobulins and mammary epithelial cells, functions of leukocytes, lactoferrin, different enzymes such as lysozyme and lactoperoxidase, chemical antibacterial agents and complement system. As well as the factors influencing the defensive functions of the gland, such as nutrition, milking method, genetic factors and udder conformation.
Key words: sheep, mastitis, mammary, gland, defenses
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 131–142
A REVIEW OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN RAW MILK: IMPORTANCE ON HUMAN HEALTH AND RUMINANTS
Majd Abi Haidar, Charbel Kiwan, Mona Abboud, Toni Todorov
ABSTRACT
Aflatoxin is both acutely and chronically toxic for animals and humans and can cause potentially dangerous diseases including acute toxic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. AFM1 contamination in dairy products or raw milk is a global problem threatening public health in all areas of the world. Despite high consumption of dairy products in Lebanon, a few credible data are available on their contamination levels with AFM1. A. flavus and A. parasiticus were identified as the organisms responsible for the elaboration of the toxin in the feed. The term Aflatoxin now refers to group of bisfuranocoumarin metabolites isolated from strains of A. flavus group of fungi. The toxic material derived from the fungus A. flavus was given the name „Aflatoxin“. The contamination of feedstuffs with mycotoxins is of increasing concern as changes on agricultural practice and probably climatic changes seem to have increased the prevalence of mycotoxins contamination. Contamination of feeds with mycotoxins accounts for significant loss in animal husbandry, as well as undesirable trade barriers for raw materials and dairy consumable products. The aim of the present review is to outline the im-portance of raw milk contamination with AFM1 and its importance on human health and ruminants.
Key words: Aflatoxins, AFM1, mycotoxins, raw milk, dairy products..
TMVM, 2022, vol.7, No 2(13): 143–153
