vol.9. N 2. 2024

TREATMENT WITH REMDESIVIR IN CATS WITH INFECTIVE PERITONITIS – CASE STUDY

Goran Nikolovski , Dominic Saurek , Anastas Petrov, Elena Atanaskova Petrov 

ABSTRACT

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is common disease with wide spectrum of unspecific clinical signs, caused by feline coronavirus and is often with fatal outcome. Diagnosis can often be difficult and the test results should always be interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs, clinical examination findings and la-boratory results. Lack of registered and available treatment for this disease is challenging for both owners and veterinary practitioners. The most recent promising treatment for cats with FIP is the use of the nucleoside analogue GS-441524, which is the active form of the prodrug Remdesivir. The goal of this study was to present successful treatment of 3 cats with different type of FIP. Clinical examination data, laboratory and rapid test results before and during treatment were evaluated. With this case study we present our positive experience with Remdesivir that can be used in all cats with FIP, regardless of the form of the disease.

Key words: Feline infective peritonitis, Remdesivir, treatment

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 3–8

RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF VERTEBRAL HEART SCALE, SPHERICITY INDEX AND NUMBER OF INTERCOSTAL SPACES IN CATS WITH VARIOUS LUNGWORM INFECTIONS

Adelina Karastoeva , Sasho Sabev 

ABSTRACT

In recent years, there is a necessity for horses to be evaluated for kidney function as equine kidney disease is becoming an increasing problem. As we know, horses are often treated on everyday basis with drugs that can be nephrotoxic in some instances. This is why practitioners need to be familiar with different kidney biomarkers and their normal values in all horse age groups, as different age groups might have slight or sig-nificant differences in normal values. In this article we evaluate equine serum SDMA, which is becoming widely used and accepted in clinical practice as a biomarker for early detection of kidney injury. We evaluate its serum concentration in the geriatric group of horses in order to bring more insight into its use in this age group.

Key words: horses, geriatric, SDMA, creatinine, urea.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 9–14

N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE AND N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE INDUCED HEPATIC PRENEOPLASIA IN TURKEY EMBRYOS

Branimir Nikolov 

ABSTRACT

The toxic and carcinogenic effects induced in ovo by N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in turkey embryos have been examined by means of pathoanatomical and histopatho-logical methods. The obtained results indicate that both compounds induce preneoplastic hepatic alterations. The spectrum of macroscopic and microscopic lesions identified in carcinogen treated embryos has been pre-sented and the potential use of avian embryos as an inexpensive and reliable model system for studies on the hepatocarcinogenesis has been discussed.

Key words: in ovo tests, hepatocarcinogenesis, preneoplasia, avian embryos, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 15–20

LINEAR CORRELATIONS OF HEART MEASUREMENTS IN DOGS WITH DEGENERATIVE MITRAL VALVE DISEASE DEPENDING FROM THE STAGE OF THE DISEASE

Аtanas Pankov 

ABSTRACT

The assessment of the left ventricular (LV) function in critically ill dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD) can help and guide the clinician in choosing the most appropriate treatment. This gave us reason to test the hypothesis that the degree of correlations of the cardiac MEASUREMENTS with the E-point of the septal separation of the mitral valve and the degree of correlations of the same measurements with the fraction of left ventricular shortening depend on the degree of the disease. We found more correlations in the cardiac measurements of dogs in stage B of the disease compared to those in stage C.

Key words: dogs, mitral valve, linear correlations, Aow.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 21–25

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL AND ETIOLOGICAL STUDIES IN A CLINICAL CASE OF NECROHEMORRHAGIC ENTERITIS IN BUFFALOES

Ismet Kalkanov 

ABSTRACT

Clostridia are obligate anaerobic, spore–forming Gram–positive bacteria. Clostridium perfringens type A has been implicated as the most common etiologic agent causing enteritis, abomasitis, and enterotoxemia in large ruminants. Necrohemorrhagic enteritis in large ruminants caused by C. perfringens type A is character-ized by sudden death, sometimes without clinical manifestation. Clinical signs occur with initial depression, dyspnea, pyrexia, bloody diarrhea, anemia or jaundice of mucous membranes, abdominal pain, and hemoglobinuria. The present report describes a clinical case of necrohemorrhagic enteritis in young buffaloes, which occurred with 30% morbidity and 100% mortality in a private buffalo farm in Northern Bulgaria. Pathological, antigenic, histopathological and microbiological studies were performed to diagnose the disease. The de-scribed macro– and microlesional changes in the affected organs and systems could be used in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases in large ruminants.

Key words: histopathology, patoanatomy, necrohemorrhagic enteritis, buffalo.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 26–34

SEROPREVALENCE AGAINST CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUS (CDV) IN VACCINATED SHELTER DOGS FROM BULGARIA

Iliyan Manev , Victoria Marincheva 

ABSTRACT

Canine distemper virus (CDV) belongs to the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae and is the causative agent of a multi–systemic viral disease with high morbidity and mortality in susceptible animals. Disease control is based on the widespread use of vaccination of the most vulnerable age groups. The aim of the current study was to assess the serum antibody titers against canine distemper virus in vaccinated shelter dogs. Antibody prevalence was demonstrated in 88.44% (283/320) of the vaccinated animals through modified ELISA; 11.56% (37/320) were estimated as vaccination failure. The results confirmed that the approved shelter vaccination protocol could provide a successful post vaccination antibody titer. However, the relatively high rate of failed CDV vaccinations in this study may serve as an indication of possible breakthroughs in herd immunity and the risk of a potential disease outbreak.

Key words: canine distemper virus, CDV, antibodies, shelter dogs..

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 35–40

IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DOGWOOD FRUIT (Cornus mas L.) PUREE

Teodora P. Popova , Ignat Ignatov , Zhechko Dimitrov , Irina M. Gotova 

ABSTRACT

The in vitro antimicrobial effect of ground dogwood fruit puree (Cornus mas L.) was tested using the classic agar-gel diffusion method. Sixteen microbial strains of the species Esherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were used, respectively by 1 reference (ATCC) and 3 clinical isolates of each species. A high antimicrobial activity of the investigated plant product was found. The tested dogwood puree showed a well-expressed inhibitory effect against the microbial strains, exceeding that of the broad-spectrum antibiotic Thiamphenicol used as a control. The quantities of the tested microorganisms, added at a final concentration of 2.106 cells/ml puree, were reduced by almost half after about 2 hours. After 24 hours, 50% of E. coli cells, 42% of S. enterica cells, 25% of S. aureus cells and 28% of C. albicans cells remained viable in the dogwood puree.

Key words: dogwood fruit (Cornus mas L.), Esherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus au-reus, Candida albicans, antimicrobial activity..

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 41–48

MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DEFATTED BLACK SOLDIER FLY LARVAE (BSFL) MEAL

 Hristina Neshovska , Veselin Kirov 

ABSTRACT

In the past few years, the growing food crisis has increased the demand for alternative foods and feeds with minimal negative environmental impact. To a large extent, insects and their products meet this demand. At the same time, insect farming is gaining more and more popularity as part of the food industry for the production of high–quality feed materials for animals. In the European Union, one of the permitted and most commonly used insect species is the Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens). The final products obtained from BSF larvae are a source of essential nutrients and successfully replace traditional feeds. Concerning the quality and safety of feed raw materials, in the present study the chemical composition and some microbiological parameters were determined in different batches of BSF insect meal. The results showed that all the tested batches of BSFL meal were excellent protein sources. The presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens was not found in any of the examined samples.

Key words: Black solder fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, larvae, defatted insect meal, chemical composition, microorganisms.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 49–56

A PILOT STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF POLYSTYRENE MICROPLASTICS ON OXIDATIVE STATUS IN MICE

Madlena Andreeva , Lubomir Petrov , Elina Tsvetanova , Georgi Pramatarov , Georgi Petrov, Albena Alexandrova 

ABSTRACT

Microplastics environmental pollution and their impact on organisms’ health are currently widely de-bated. This study aimed to determine the effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS–MPs) on lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the brain, liver, ovaries/ testes, kidneys, and lungs of mice. Sexually mature male and female albino mice were divided into control groups and groups exposed to 1 μm PS–MPs at a dose of 0.1 mg/24h, administered orally for 14 days. The results showed that in female mice PS–MPs ad-ministration led to significant increase of LPO in the kidneys and lungs. In contrast, in male mice, LPO was significantly decreased in the brain, liver, and kidneys. PS–MPs administration also led to significantly in-creased GSH concentrations in the liver in both male and female mice, and a decrease in the brain and testes in males. In conclusion, PS–MPs induced varying degrees of oxidative stress in male and female mice.

Key words: polystyrene microplastics, oxidative stress, organs, mice..

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 57–63

A CASE OF CONGENITAL FLEXOR DEFORMITIES OF THE THORACIC LIMBS IN A 3-YEAR-OLD HORSE

Mina-Maria Marinova, Petar Stamberov , Nadya Zlateva-Panayotova ,Aleksandar Stoimenov , Kalin Hristov 

ABSTRACT

The subject of this study is a 3-year-old horse with a contractual flexor deformity of both thoracic limbs with a predominance of the left limb. Infrared thermography was conducted, and the radiographs regarding the musculoskeletal system assessment were reviewed. Congenital flexural limb deformities are a well-known group of developmental orthopedic diseases that can be effectively treated if diagnosed early. Our study aims to evaluate the degree of permanent changes in a patient not promptly treated and to compare thermography results to x-ray findings. The radiograph analysis revealed extensive pathological changes in both the passive and active locomotor systems. Thermography also showed some changes but was unable to predict whether the affected limbs would be able to recover.

Key words: contractual flexor deformity, developmental orthopedic disease, infrared thermography, x-ray examination.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 64–69

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY IN LLAMA (LAMA GLAMA) INDUCED BY OLEANDER INTOXICATION

Iliyan Manev , Victoria Marincheva 

ABSTRACT

A rare clinical case of an acute kidney injury after oleander leaves ingestion in llama (Lama glama) was the aim of the current report. Oleander (Nerium oleander) is a highly toxic plant and as little as 10 to 20 leaves can be lethal for an adult horse or cow. Despite the well –known arrhythmogenic effects of the oleander, manifesting in the case as a bradyarrhythmia, an acute kidney insufficiency with anuria was the key point. The patient demonstrated oliguria–anuria with extremely high creatinine blood level (up to 1167.0 μmol/l) for sev-eral days. Standard therapeutical regimen was followed, including fluid therapy. Despite the unfavorable prog-nosis, complete clinical recovery occurred.

Key words: kidney failure, azotemia, anuria, llama, oleander, intoxication.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 70–76

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF OOCYTES IN AN ADULT FEMALE GRAY WOLF (CANIS LUPUS), A CASE REPORT

Desislava Gradinarska-Yanakieva, , Desislava Abadjieva 

ABSTRACT

The study describes the morphometric characteristics of the ovaries, follicles, and oocytes of an adult female gray wolf. Macroscopic examination revealed ellipsoidal ovaries, which measured 9×18 mm and weighed 844 mg and 752 mg for the left and right ovaries, respectively. Two large follicles (4 mm) were prominent on the surface of the left ovary. The mean diameter of the collected primary oocytes (n=22) was 116.8±12.35 μm (including zona pellucida). Microscopic examination revealed dark, finely granulated, ho-mogenous cytoplasm surrounded by a clearly visible zona pellucida and 2–5 layers of cumulus cells.

Limited scientific studies are available due to challenges in obtaining biological material. The present analysis offers preliminary insights into the morphological features of the gray wolf oocytes and is informative for future research aimed at species’ conservation.

Key words: gray wolf, ovary, oocyte, morphology.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 77–82

HORNER’S SYNDROME IN DOGS – A REVIEW

Said Cafer , Bengü Bilgiç , Mehmet Erman Or 

ABSTRACT

Horner’s syndrome is characterized by the symptoms of miosis, anisocoria, ptosis, enophthalmos and protrusion of the third eyelid as a result of an interruption in the sympathetic nervous system extending from the hypothalamus of the brain to the eye. It has been identified in almost every mammal, including humans. The sympathetic nervous system consists of 3 main parts and these are the central, preganglionic and postgan-glionic neurons. In order to find the interruption on this system, diagnosis and differential diagnosis must be made and the underlying ethiology of the disease must be found. For this, an accurate examination and lesion localization is required. Topical application of cocaine to the eyes is considered the gold standard in the pharmacological method of lesion localization. Although there are many underlying etiologies, idiopathic Horner’s syndrome in dogs is more common than other etiologies. Apart from the pharmacological methods, radiology, CT and MRI imaging techniques are also common tools used to determine the ethiology.

Key words: Horner’s syndrome, dog, myosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, anisocoria.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 83–92

APPLICATION OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AS ANTIOXIDANT AGENTS IN RAM SEMEN – A REVIEW

Tsveta Georgieva 

ABSTRACT

Semen preservation is an important tool in livestock reproduction, allowing for the widespread use of high-quality genetics in artificial insemination programs. However, the process of semen preservation often leads to oxidative stress, a major cause of sperm damage, including lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and reduced motility. In response to this challenge, the use of antioxidants has been explored to mitigate oxi-dative damage in semen. Recently, there has been growing interest in the application of herbal extracts as natural antioxidant agents in ram semen preservation. This review explores the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of herbal extracts as antioxidants in ram semen, highlighting their role in improving semen quality and fertility.

Key words: oxidative stress, herbal extract, antioxidant, sperm.

TMVM, 2024, vol.9, No 2(17): 93–104